Invisible Victims: An Ethical Analysis of Sexual Victimization of Men and Boy

This is a formal paper for my Biomedical Ethics class. I already have a completed annotated bib with 10 peer-reviewed sources. The paper must be completed using these sources. I am attaching the instructions to formulate the paper per professor’s instructions. The paper must be richly cited using provided sources.

Explanations of the Formal Paper Sections
Introduction – Use this section of the paper to present a preliminary overview of the issue or topic. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited.

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Analysis of the Four Primary Ethical Principles – The ethical principles which guide this section are autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-malfeasance. Your topic should be analyzed with these four primary ethical principles. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited.

Stakeholder’s Perspectives – Stakeholders are people and organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue. They likely influence or are subject to the influence of others. Some common stakeholders include the patients and their families, specific healthcare provider groups (like physicians, or nurses), hospital or clinic administrators, lawyers, a business, and healthcare organization (like the American Heart Association). Other stakeholders may exist and are specific to the issue. This section should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.

This section should be organized with an initial paragraph which briefly identifies the stakeholders. Subsequent paragraphs should delve into the stakeholder’s perspectives.

Implications for Health Care Provider Groups – Implications are likely consequences of an issue or situation. In this section, you should discuss the implications of the issue as it relates to at least two healthcare provider groups (like physicians, nurses) who are most likely to be involved with your topic. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited.

This section should be organized with an initial paragraph which briefly identifies the healthcare provider groups. Subsequent paragraphs should delve into the implications as they affect each group individually.

Conclusion – Use this section to tie together all the parts of the paper and form a summation

Here is a copy of the annotated bib – these are the only sources to be used in document:

Annotated Bibliography
Beckson, M., & Bullock, C. M. (2011). Male Victims of Sexual Assault: Phenomenology, Psychology, Physiology. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 39(2), 197–205. doi: jaapl.org/content/39/2/197.full
This article discusses the physical responses of some males during non-consensual sex. A male may have an erection and/or ejaculate during rape due to the body’s response to penetration. Due to the involuntary physical responses the body elicits, law makers, attorneys, and judges do not consider rape of a male as non-consensual; rather consensual.
Briere, J., Evans, D., Runtz, M., & Wall, T. (1988). Symptomatology in men who were molested as children: A comparison study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58(3), 457–461. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01606.x
A comparison study was performed with female and males that were subjected to childhood sexual abuse. The analysis and findings were to determine if childhood sexual abuse affected either sex more negatively than the other. Interviews and psychological tests were performed to identify differences and similarities between male and female childhood sexual abuse.
Chynoweth, S. K., Freccero, J., & Touquet, H. (2017). Sexual violence against men and boys in conflict and forced displacement: implications for the health sector. Reproductive Health Matters, 25(51), 90–94. doi: 10.1080/09688080.2017.1401895
This article discusses the many obstacles that men and young boys in war-torn or conflicted areas encounter when seeking help as victims of sexual assaults. Lack of resources in these areas are the biggest hindrance. Some victims are ashamed and never report the incident or receive needed medical attention. Local activists and the medical community are seeking to make needed ratifications.
Dennis, J. P. (2008). Women are Victims, Men Make Choices: The Invisibility of Men and Boys in the Global Sex Trade. Gender Issues, 25(1), 11–25. doi: 10.1007/s12147-008-9051-y
This study explains the assumed differences between men and women in global sex trade. Whether prostitution is consensual or non-consensual, men are viewed as willing participants, homosexual, and not subject to violence. Sex trafficking is thought to affect females more than males. Males victims are normally ignored.
Javaid, A. (2016). Voluntary Agencies’ Responses to, and Attitudes toward Male Rape: Issues and Concerns. Sexuality & Culture, 20(3), 731–748. doi: 10.1007/s12119-016-9348-z
This article discusses male rape at the international level; specifically, in England and Wales. It explains that rape is considered a crime that only occurs in females. Resource and crises centers for male rape survivors is almost non-existent. Barriers of assumed male and female roles in society have great influence as to how sexual victimization of males in this area is viewed.
Javaid, A. (2016). Giving a Voice to the Voiceless: Police Responses to Male Rape. Policing. doi: 10.1093/police/paw035
This article details how police departments view complaints of rape by males. Rape allegations are not taken as seriously as that of a female due to partiality. Most reports of rape to authorities is usually considered to be false. Pre-conceived bias and gender roles play a significant part.
Mouthaan, S. (2013). Sexual Violence against Men and International Law – Criminalising the Unmentionable. International Criminal Law Review, 13(3), 665–695. doi: 10.1163/15718123-01303004
The article explains the sexual violation of men during armed battle. Local government refutes claims of rape or sexual abuse against men, or it is ignored altogether. If men are captured during war, they are imprisoned and tortured. It specifies the differences in punishments that are rendered for sex crimes against men, women, and children.
Rapsey, C., Campbell, A., Clearwater, K., & Patterson, T. (2017). Listening to the Therapeutic Needs of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051770145. doi: 10.1177/0886260517701453
A study was performed and detailed male survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Negative behaviors and outcomes were studied as well as positive coping mechanisms. Therapeutic outcomes are studied and explained. Barriers are evaluated to comprehend why some victims of sexual abuse can heal why others cannot.
Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6). doi: 10.2105/ajph.2014.301946
This study explains outdated preconceptions of sexual victimization of men compared to women. The article attempts to explains that males, only in past years were thought of as perpetrators and not victims. The FBI and CDC give statistical information to compare the past to the present of the number of sex crimes against men.
Walfield, S. M. (2018). “Men Cannot Be Raped”: Correlates of Male Rape Myth Acceptance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051881777. doi: 10.1177/0886260518817777
This article discusses the myths and untruths associated with male abuse/rape. It explains why many people believe men cannot be raped physically. It also delves into the specifics of what rape consists of for men versus women. Cultural and societal implications are brought forth as to why men are considered invisible victims when a charge of sexual abuse is brought forth.

Review Copy of Formal Paper Check List

Before submitting the Review Copy of your Formal Paper, please use this check list. Criterion YES NO Notes from the Assignment’s Instructions Plagiarism NO! You should not plagiarize. This assignment requires original writing. Approved topic YES! The topic of the paper must be the same as the proposal Title page NO! A title page should not be used. If one is there please remove it. Also, title page information should not be placed on the initial page. Abstract NO! An abstract should not be used. Formatting parameters used YES! 12 point font; 1” header, footer, and margins; double-spaced; computer generated in MS Word: and no cover page or abstract. Body of paper length 68 formatted pages YES! The length of the body of the paper should be 6-8 pages. This does not include references. 10 PRJAs cited and referenced YES! At least 10 peer-reviewed journal articles should be cited and referenced. Correct reference format YES! Use either APA (a) or AMA style. Match citations to the style. Correct citation format YES! Use either APA (a) or AMA style. Match reference to the style. Headings used YES! The following headings are required: Introduction and Background; Analysis of Four Ethical Principles; Stakeholder’s Perspectives; Implications for Multiple Health Care Professional Groups; and Conclusion Personal opinions NO! Personal opinion are not appropriate in this assignment. Direct quotes not overused YES! Direct quotes are limited to one and it must be short (<40 words). Other material should be paraphrased (placed in your own words) and properly cited. Appropriate style of writing YES! The paper should be formal. Formal writing is characterized by academic tone, use of the third-person rather than first-person perspective, a clear focus, precise word choice, and efficiency, accuracy. You should avoid using clichés, intensifiers, nominalizations, and stock phrases, implied modifiers, paired synonyms, passive voice. Short, declarative sentences are easier to understand than lengthy ones. APA Style: Use parenthetical citations rather than signal phrases. Introduction and Background is well written YES! Use this section of the paper to present a preliminary overview of the issue or topic. It should be richly cited with information from PRJAs. Analysis of Four Ethical Principles is well written YES! The ethical principles which guide this section are autonomy, beneficence, justice and non-malfeasance. Each of these should be well analyzed in reference to the approved topic. Stakeholder’s Perspectives is well written YES! Stakeholders are people and organizations which either influence or are subject to influence for a particular influence. Their perspective is to be elaborated on robustly. Some common stakeholders include the public, patients and families, health care professionals, and sometimes lawyers. Other stakeholders may exist and are specific to the issue. Implications for Multiple Health Care Professional Groups is well written YES! Implications are likely consequences of an issue or situation. Discuss the implications of the approved topic as it relates to the health care professional groups most likely to be involved. At least two different health care professional groups should be included in this section. Conclusion is well written YES! Use this section to tie together all the parts of the paper and form a summation. Late Submission NO! A progressive late penalty will be assessed if the deadline is missed. See syllabus

In the Stakeholder’s Perspective section of the formal paper, I plan to include the following stakeholders:

A. Patients (men, boys)

B. Physicians, nurses

C. Government (local, federal)

In the Implications for Health Care Provider Groups section of the formal paper, I plan to include the following healthcare professional groups:

A. Doctors

B. Mental health therapists

If you have any questions, please let me know.

Thanks

.

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