Cartilages of the Skeleton

Cartilages of the Skeleton
1. Using the key choices, identify each type of cartilage described (in terms of its body location or function) below.
a. elastic
b. fibrocartilage
c. hyaline
1. supports the external ear
2. between the vertebrae
3. forms the walls of the voice box (larynx)
4. the epiglottis
5. articular cartilages
6. meniscus in a knee joint
7. connects the ribs to the sternum
8. most effective at resisting compression
9. most springy and flexible
10. most abundant
Classification of Bones
2. The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
3. Place the name of each labeled bone in Figure 8.1 IP into the appropriate column of the chart here.

Bone Markings
4. Match the terms in column B with the appropriate description in column A.
sharp, slender process’
2. small rounded projection*
3. narrow ridge of bone’
4. large rounded projection’
5. structure supported on neckt
6. armlike projectiont
7. rounded, articular projectiont
8. narrow opening*
9. canal-like structure
10. round or oval opening through a bone*
11. shallow depression
12. air-filled cavity
13. large, irregularly shaped projection’
14. raised area on or above a condyle±
15. projection or prominence
16. smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Column B

a. condyle
b. crest
c. epicondyle
d. facet
e. fissure
f. foramen
g. fossa
h. head
i. meatus
J. process
k. ramus
l. sinus
m. spine
n. trochanter
o. tubercle
p. tuberosity
* a site of muscle and ligament attachment t takes part in joint formation
$ a passageway for nerves or blood vessels

Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone
5. Match the key terms with the descriptions.
a. articular cartilage
b. diaphysis
c. endosteum
d. epiphyseal line
e. epiphysis
f. medullary cavity
g. periosteum
h. red marrow
1. end portion of a long bone
2. helps reduce friction at joints
3. site of blood cell formation
4. major submembranous sites of osteogenic cells (two responses from key)
5. scientific term for bone shaft
6. contains yellow marrow in adult bones
7. growth plate remnant
6. Use the key terms to identify the structures marked by leader lines and braces in the diagrams. (Some terms are used more than once.)
a. articular cartilage
b. compact bone
c. diaphysis
d. endosteum
e. epiphyseal line
f. epiphysis
g. medullary cavity
h. nutrient artery

j. red marrow
k. trabeculae of spongy bone
l. yellow marrow

7. What differences between compact and spongy bone can be seen with the unaided eye?
8. What is the function of the periosteum?
Why This Matters
9. Which type of connective tissue is inflamed in cases of periostitis?
10. In cases of periostistis, the cells of the periosteum attempt to repair the microtears to the

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Chemical Composition of Bone
11. What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?
12. Name the important organic bone components.
13. Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts?
14. Baking removes from bone. Soaking bone in acid
removes
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
15. Several descriptions of bone structure are given below. Identi$- the structure involved by choosing the appropriate term from the key and placing its letter in the blank. Then, on the photomicrograph of bone below (210 X), identify all structures named in the key and draw a bracket enclosing a single osteon.
a. canaliculi
b. central canal
c. concentric lamellae
d. lacunae
e. matrix
1. layers of bony matrix around a central canal
2. site of osteocytes
3. longitudinal canal carry-ing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
4. tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
5. inorganic salts deposited in organic ground substance

Ossification: Bone Formation and Growth in Length
16. Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate.