The Axial Skeleton

Exercise 9: The Axial Skeleton
Exercise 9 Review Sheet: The Axial
Skeleton
The Skull
1. First, match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column A (the items in column B may be used more than once). Then, circle the bones in column B that are cranial bones.
Column A
forehead bone
2. cheekbone
3. lower jaw
4. bridge of nose
5. posterior bones of the hard palate
6. much of the lateral and superior cranium
7. most posterior part of cranium
8. single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial base
9. tiny bones bearing tear ducts
10. anterior part of hard palate
1 1. superior and middle nasal conchae form from its
projections
12. site of mastoid process
13. site of sella turcica
14. site of cribriform plate
15. site of mental foramen
16. site of styloid process
1 7. four bones containing paranasal sinuses
conayles nere articulate Witn tne atlas
19. foramen magnum contained here small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
21. organ of hearing found here
two bones that form the nasal septum
23. bears an upward protrusion, the “rooster’s comb,” or crista galli contain sockets bearing teeth forms the most inferior turbinate
2. Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones sutures (A, and bone markings ) provided with various leader lines in the two diagrams below.
Some responses from the key will be used more than once.

1. carotid canal
2. coronal suture
3. ethmoid bone
4. external occipital protuberance
5. foramen lacerum
6. foramen magnum
7. foramen ovale
8. frontal bone
9. glabella
10. incisive fossa
11. inferior nasal concha
12. inferior orbital fissure
13. infraorbital foramen
14. jugular foramen
15. lacrimal bone
16. mandible
17. mandibular fossa
18. mandibular symphysis
19. mastoid process
20. maxilla
21. mental foramen
22. middle nasal concha of ethmoid
23. nasal bone
24. occipital bone
25. occipital condyle
26. palatine bone
27. palatine process of maxilla
28. parietal bone
29. sagittal suture
30. sphenoid bone
31. styloid process
32. stylomastoid foramen
33. superior orbital fissure
34. supraorbital foramen
35. temporal bone
36. vomer
37. zygomatic bone
38. zygomatic process of temporal bone
3. Define suture.
4. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception.
5. What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?
What bones are connected by the squamous suture?
6. Name the eight bones of the cranium. (Remember to include left and right.)
7. Give two possible functions of the sinuses.
8. What is the orbit?
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
9. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranium?
The Vertebral Column
10. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly identify each described structure by choosing a response from the key.
a. atlas
b. axis
c. cervical vertebra typical
d. coccyx
e. lumbar vertebra
f. sacrum
g. thoracic vertebra
1. vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
2. dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra
(G)
3. transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward
4. composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
5. massive vertebra; weight-sustaining
6. “tail bone”; vestigial fused vertebrae
7. supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles
11. Using the key, correctly identi$- the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some cases.) Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram.
a. body
b. intervertebral foramina
c. lamina
d. pedicle
e. spinous process
f. superior articular facet
g. transverse process
h. vertebral arch
i. vertebral foramen
1. cavity enclosing the spinal cord
2.weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
3.provide levers against which muscles pull
4.provide an articulation point for the ribs
5. openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
6. structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
7.structures that form the vertebral arch

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12. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.
13. Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column.
and
14. What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
15. What is a herniated disc?
What problems might it cause?
16. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? and

Under what conditions do the secondary- curvatures develop?
17. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated, and label it as a primaly or a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader lines, using the letters of the terms listed in the key below.
a. atlas
b. axis
c. intervertebral disc
d. sacrum
e. two thoracic vertebrae
f. two lumbar vertebrae
g. vertebra prominens

The Thoracic Cage
18. The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the

and the

19. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib Is a floating rib a true or a false rib?
20. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?
21. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the thoracic cage.
Ll vertebra
a. body

c. costal cartilage
d. false ribs
e. floating ribs
f. jugular notch
g. manubrium
h. sternal angle
i. sternum
j. true ribs
k. xiphisternal joint
. xiphoid process
The Fetal Skull
22. Are the same skull bones seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull?
23. How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium?
How does this compare to the adult skull?
24. What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones?
25. What is a fontanelle?
What is its fate?
What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?
26. Using the terms listed, identify each of the fontanelles shown on the fetal skull below.
a. anterior fontanelle
b. mastoid fontanelle
c. posterior fontanelle
d. sphenoidal fontanelle
Frontal bone Occipital bone
Temporal bone

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