This is for APRL 182.

Choose 3 out of the 5 themes. Please submit at least 2 pages double-spaced (about 500 to 700 words for each response) for a total of 6 to 8 pages. Be sure and provide concrete examples from the class materials and indicate your source. For example (Danta and Ricourt pg. xxx) or (Pilsen documentary section on Senior Center Initiative).

1. Migration, immigration and settlement
Discuss how migration regionally and immigration to the U.S. impact the development of communities regionally and nationally. In other words, how has the settlement of these communities been informed by historical and/or contemporary legal and economic processes?

2. Processes of racialization, place and homemaking
Ethnic and racialized groups experienced various forms of marginalization as they attempted to settle make U.S. their home. Provide examples of their experiences with marginalization or outright discrimination. How did individuals and ethnic groups find ways to develop social and cultural institutions to create and make a home for themselves and others who would follow? Be sure to provide concrete examples.

3. Latina women enacting leadership historically and into the present
Delineate some of the key characteristics of women who develop leadership skills in their community. How do Latinx women of different class backgrounds enact leadership? (In other words, why and how do they develop their leadership potential from their own intersectional standpoint?) Be sure to provide examples that are both historical and contemporary as you develop your answer.

4. History, the archive and knowledge production
Throughout the semester we have learned a great deal about hidden histories in the Latinx and interethnic communities in the Midwest and Queens, NY. Delineate the process or the kinds of information that we must consider if we are to flesh out the history of community, an event, or a life history. How does that excavation of an archive or the creation of an archive for that matter help us to understand the diversity among Latinx peoples in the U.S. and the changing face of the nation?

5. Latinidad and pan-ethnic identity formations
How are these two concepts defined and articulated by Aparicio and Danta and Ricourt? In other words, how do they draw upon the lived experiences of Latinx people in community to demonstrate the social and cultural processes that inform the emergence of a pan-Latino identity and Latinidad. Please be sure and provide examples that demonstrate each approach. Hint as you conclude: Finally, how does Latinidad build upon the foundational work on pan-Latino identities?

Essay Questions

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Essay Questions

1. Migration, immigration, and settlement
   

Migration is one of the critical factors that result to the promotion of international development. This is both to the country of origin, where they have positive influences on both the countries. Through migration, there is more exchange of money, knowledge, and ideas between both the host and the home countries through the migrants.  In the most recent times, remittances have reached significant dimensions, wherein 2010, over USD 320 billion was remitted (Steiner, 2017).  These flows have hence become very vital sources for foreign exchange and financing of numerous developing nations.

Migration also provides human capital to the host areas. An example is a fact that the Mexicans have been very crucial with regard to providing human capital to companies in the United States, which shows that their migration has had numerous benefits to the host nations, which ultimately help in economic development and growth.  On the contrary, the home nations for migrants tend to lose the human capital, which imposes a significant economic burden mostly for the developing nations, since the migrants take with them the value of their training, leaving the governments with limited resources (Gill, 2018). People migrate to developed nations such as the United States, mostly for economic opportunities, and education, among many other reasons. Nevertheless, the expected income gap between the developed and the developing country is a significant incentive that makes people migrate. This means that migration greatly affects the development of communities, both regionally and nationally.

The Latino community, for example, had been very significant in the growth of the US economy. The first major factor that helps them in impacting the environment is through the provision of labor. They have higher fertility rates, new immigration, and hence a growing labor force, which ultimately helps in the economic development of the country. The community exhibits significantly higher levels of getting into opportunity-driven entrepreneurship.  In 2015 alone, the Hispanic population made up one of the three agriculture employees in the country.  Theta also accounted for more than one of four employees in the construction field (Steiner, 2017).  These statistics are proof that the community offers high-level worker participation, which has greatly contributed to the growth of the US economy.

The earnings from the employees are used to make purchases of products and services in the country, a factor that also boosts the economy of the country through their spending powers.  The achievements of Hispanics as taxpayers, consumers mad earners, is, however, occurring despite the disadvantages they have in the labor market (Gill, 2018). Migrants also face racial and ethnic discrimination, which deters them from having maximum productivity, which could boost more growth in the economy. From these examples, it is apparent that migration is a major factor that has enabled the growth of the economy of the US.

2. Processes of racialization, place, and homemaking
   

The different ethnic and racial groups were greatly marginalized and discriminated in their attempt to settle in the United States. An example of the ethnic group that faced and continues to affect racial discrimination in the Latino community. This community consists of people from most Latin American countries, many of whom are overrepresented among day laborers, who do not have fixed employment in the formal sectors and seek employment informally on the day-to-day bias.  The Latino community became more diverse socioeconomically, despite numerous instances of marginalization in their attempt to set in the country.

Latino represents the minority in the country. Despite their huge numbers, they continued to face discrimination and social marginalization in their stay. They failed to gain political acceptance and legitimacy in the country, which is attributed to their social construct as threats to national security and were accused of being the cause of criminal activities.  This type of social discrimination persists up to today, where multiple parties still do not accept them fully as a part of their society. An example of such stigmatization is the increased hate crimes against people from the community in the 1990s (Perreira, Brietzke, & Potochnick, 2017).  There were numerous incidences of blatant racism and hate crimes against the lutino immigrants reported.

Some of the major parties t to blame for this marginalization include the American government, society, and nationalists who are able to legitimize the subordination of the group, more so the Central Americans and the Mexicans. Nevertheless, since they have settled in, they have viewed them as foreigners, criminals, and illegal. They have also, over time, been defined as people who have comes to the country illegally to cause chaos through refusing to follow the laws of the country and work with authority (Perreira, Brietzke, & Potochnick, 2017).  As a result, this has been a factor that has instilled fear and contempt against the Latino, hence motivating harsh immigration laws and enforcement measures. The American lawmakers and the society, under the pretext of addressing crimes and national security concerns, have resulted in racial inequalities and perpetuation of marginalization of Latinos living in the country (Gonzales-Backen, Meca, & Lorenzo-Blanco, 2018).  Theses measures have, over time, denied the Latinos the rights of living and also denied them freedom and the privilege of living in the country without fear,  discrimination, and abuse.

Nevertheless, despite the discrimination ad the marginalization faced by Latinos, they were able to outdo themselves both socially and economically. First, the individuals within this community have managed to clinch political positions in the country, where they use; positions to empower their [people and fight for their rights in the political institutions.  They have also, over time, empowered themselves economically, through undertaking jobs in various areas and fields in the country as a way of empowering themselves (Perreira, Brietzke, & Potochnick, 2017).  Despite the discrimination and the social stigmatization, Latinos in the United States have also ensured that the youths enroll in education institutions, which helps them develop in the careers, and get better jobs in the country, This shows that they have despite the challenges outdone themselves, as a way of improving their livelihoods and helping in the growth of the country. Nevertheless, the attitude towards these communities is yet to decrease, where some people still view Latinos as violent gang members and job stealers.

3. Latina women enacting leadership historically and into the present

Over the years, women have been making their leadership presence felt in fields of administration, entrepreneurship, governance, technology, health, and engineering, among many other fields. They have resolved to break the traditional glass ceiling, which deterred them from entering into leadership positions despite them having the requisite skills and talent to occupy such positions.  Some of the key characteristics of women leaders include boldness, courage, discipline, and respect, among many other positive values that enable them to undertake their specific mandates accordingly (Rodríguez, Martinez, & Valle, 2018). The characteristics of women’s leadership styles include transformational leadership, task-focused, self-branding, effective communication styles, and the promotion of cooperation and collaboration.

Latinx women have been on the forefront to prove themselves in different areas and fields concerning their leadership skills and abilities. Despite the major challenges they have constantly faced, such as stigmatization and discrimination due to their gendered, it has emerged that there has been an increasing number of Latino women in politics, entrepreneurship, and in other different fields in the leadership position (Oliva & Alemán Jr, 2019). Some of the challenges they have faced include getting overlooked by men, being objectified, and not taken seriously concerning assuming leadership roles, which in the past were assumed to only be for men. It is apparent that there is no equal representation between the Latinx leaders in various industries, such as the tech industry. They have had to break barriers as a way of dealing with the challenges and opportunists in their different fields. Nevertheless, in the current times, many women have outdone themselves in a male-dominated environment.

The biggest challenge of the Latinx women is ensuring that their voices are heard and that they are well represented.  The Latino community represents approximately 17% of the US population, yet less than 2% of CEOs in the country are Hispanic (Rodríguez, Martinez, & Valle, 2018). This means more underrepresented and has to focus on attaining these positions and taking advantage of opportunities for themselves and future generation leaders.

An example of a Latino woman in a leadership position is Geisha Williams, who is the CEO and President of PG&E Company in the US. The company is one of the largest natural gas and electric energy firms in the United States. She is the first-ever Latino to lead a fortune 500 company where she has overseen its move to bring over 33% of its energy from renewable sources.  She, through her leadership position, has been able to inspire and motivate many of the Latinx women to pursue their goals and take leadership positions, which were traditionally male-dominated. One of the most iconic His women leader is Sonia Sotomayor.  She is the first-ever Hispanic woman to serve in the US Supreme Court. She is known to be fearless and ambitious, where despite her gender or race, beaten all odds to be one of the most iconic and respected Latinx women.  She, as a result, has received many accolades and awards, including honorary degrees from numerous universities due to her leadership roles in the country. Rigoberta Menchú is one of the most renowned women in leadership who has played a major role in the history of Latinx women. She fought for the rights of Guatemala’s indigenous feminist nad even received the Nobel peace prize in 1992, the Prince of Asturias Award in 1998.for her great achievements.  These represent some of the most iconic Latinx women who have managed to clinch the male-dominated leadership positions and continue to inspire future generations of women to grasp these positions, achieving greatness and changing the world to be a better place for all despite their race, gender or any diversity.

References

Gill, H. (2018). The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina, Revised and Expanded Second Edition: New Roots in the Old North State. UNC Press Books.

Gonzales-Backen, M. A., Meca, A., & Lorenzo-Blanco. (2018). Examining the temporal order of ethnic identity and perceived discrimination among Hispanic immigrant adolescents. 54(5), 929.

Oliva, N., & Alemán Jr, E. (2019). A Muxerista Politics of Education: Latina Mother Leaders Enacting Educational Leadership and Policy Advocacy. Educational Policy. 33(1), 67-87.

Perreira, K. M., Brietzke, M. P., & Potochnick, S. (2017). In the Eye of the Beholder: Perspectives on Acculturation from White and Black Americans in Emerging Latino/Hispanic Communities.

Rodríguez, C., Martinez, M. A., & Valle, F. (2018). EVOLVING LATINO EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP. Latino Educational Leadership: Serving Latino Communities and Preparing Latinx Leaders Across the P-20 Pipeline, 1.

Steiner, I. (2017). Immigration and settlement? German migration flows to and from Switzerland under the provision of free movement of persons (Doctoral dissertation, University of Geneva).