1) Briefly explain why formerly obese individuals are more susceptible to regaining lost weight. 2)

1) Briefly explain why formerly obese individuals are more susceptible to regaining lost weight.
2) Janice is watching the Tour de France and hears that some cyclists are being accused of blood doping. What is this?
3) Briefly describe the uses for antibiotics in food-producing animals.

ANSWER 

Nutrition/ Dietary

Why Formerly Obese Individuals are More Susceptible to Regaining Lost Weight

Considerably, feeding, body weight, and energy metabolism are regulated by various hormones derived from the adipose, gut, and other tissues. Obesity tends to affect the hunger-related hormones that lead to the chances of formerly obese individuals regaining their weight. Obese people damage the stomach’s nerve response which signals fullness to the brain. Weight loss can boost your ghrelin level (hunger hormone), which leads to more appetite (Melby, Paris, Foright, and Peth, 2017). Ideally, ghrelin levels tend to rise significantly on a weight loss diet. The longer the diet during weight loss, the more the levels of ghrelin will increase. Therefore, stimulation of appetite increases food intake and contributes to fat storage, which is why most dieters and formerly obese individuals may regain lost weight.

Dieting is difficult to maintain, especially for individuals who have experienced weight loss following very-low-calorie diets (Christensen et al., 2018). The side effects of these diets often result in reduced metabolism and increased risk for regaining lost weight. Leptin, a hormone associated with appetite and metabolism, may play an important role in why formerly obese individuals experience greater difficulty maintaining weight loss than never-obese individuals. Leptin is produced by adipose tissue (fat) and is important in regulating appetite, metabolism, and body weight.

Doping

Doping in athletics is the utilization of forbidden athletic performance-improving drugs or methods by an athlete. Doping has been applied to many sports where physical fitness and enhanced performance are valued, such as running, cycling, rowing, horse racing, swimming, walking, and lifting weights (Vlad, Hancu, Popescu, and Lungu, 2018). Doping is forbidden by most chief sporting organizations. Utilization of drugs to boost performance is considered wrong and therefore illegal. Athletes who participate in high-level competition will usually be tested for drugs before they can compete.

Doping has been associated with various methods used before or during competitions, ranging from pharmacological agents like stimulants, performance enhancers like anabolic steroids, diuretics or blood transfusions, substances that mask other banned substances. The goal of doping is to boost lean body weight and muscle mass and help them recover quickly after a session. These medications are taken through injection or orally to maximize the desired effects.

The Uses for Antibiotics in Food-Producing Animals

Antibiotics are used in food-producing animals in a variety of ways in an attempt to maintain animal health and performance. Antibiotics are given to food animals to avert and treat clinical diseases as well as boost animal growth. There are different uses of antibiotics in food-producing animals, such as prophylactic, therapeutic, and sub-therapeutic use (Allen et al., 2013). For most intensively, the food-producing animals are given to animal groups within a flock/herd in feed or water either as treatment of disease or common life-threatening infections. For instance, sub-therapeutic doses are added to reduce food requirements, increase growth, and control protozoan diseases.

The antibiotics are also used to increase their body size, growth speed and improve their feed efficiency in conditions where the food-producing animals are intensive, including feedlot cattle, poultry, and pigs. For instance, bacteriostatic antibiotics are used to treat or prevent diseases resulting from bacterial infection; they inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria without killing them directly.

References

Allen, H. K., Levine, U. Y., Looft, T., Bandrick, M., & Casey, T. A. (2013). Treatment, promotion, commotion: antibiotic alternatives in food-producing animals. Trends in microbiology, 21(3), 114-119.

Christensen, P., Meinert Larsen, T., Westerterp‐Plantenga, M., Macdonald, I., Martinez, J. A., Handjiev, S., … & Raben, A. (2018). Men and women respond differently to rapid weight loss: Metabolic outcomes of a multi-center intervention study after a low‐energy diet in 2500 overweight individuals with pre‐diabetes (PREVIEW). Diabetes, obesity and metabolism, 20(12), 2840-2851.

Melby, C. L., Paris, H. L., Foright, R. M., & Peth, J. (2017). Attenuating the biological drive for weight regain following weight loss: must what goes down always go back up?. Nutrients, 9(5), 468.

Vlad, R. A., Hancu, G., Popescu, G. C., & Lungu, I. A. (2018). Doping in sports, a never-ending story?. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 8(4), 529.