Any Specific Disease

First, I need a Thesis Statement including Topic, Claim, and 3 Points/Reasons supporting your claim ( I need the thesis statement in a different page from the research paper so I can sumitted separately) . Then, the research paper you can choose any disease in the medical field to talk but it has to be only one topic(one disease). If you can add or make up an interview of someone related to the topic that would be great(the interview is not required). Thank you so much;)

ANSWER

The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Topic

The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Thesis Statement

Type 2 diabetes has a severe effect on the society from loss of life to cost of care due to changes in functional health which demand interventions to reduce the health risks linked to the disease.

Claims

Claim 1: Type 2 diabetes extensive and its prevalence is growing rapidly. Therefore, individuals have been placed at a great risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes due to varying factors such environmental, health and genetic factors.

Claim 2: Type 2 diabetes has afflicted people across countless socioeconomic groups from elderly to pediatrics. The extensive effects of type 2 diabetes have led to economic burden due to high cost of illness and loss of life.

Claim 3: The long term problems associated with type 2 diabetes have led to severe problems such as kidney damage, high risk of heart disease and macro vascular problems that increase the risk of mortality and risks of serious health problems.

Claim 4: Current recommendations on how to reduce or prevent Type 2 diabetes are essential since Type 2 diabetes is putting individuals at a high risk of acquiring illnesses.

The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing and developing rapidly thus placing individuals at a high risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes. This is among the most recognized metabolic illnesses globally with its growth being linked to increased obesity and independent health problems (Iqbal, 2007). This disease has reached an epidemic level in some countries for instance in the United States where it has affected millions of people both children and the elderly. Type 2 diabetes has been linked with extensive mortality as well as morbidity which may contribute to personal as well as societal burdens (Iqbal, 2007). The only way to prevent the disease is through managing symptoms. Once an individual has been diagnosed they manage the disease through modifying their lifestyle. This research will focus on the risks of Type 2 diabetes through exploring its symptoms, long term and short term complications, the problems and risk factors linked to the disease as well as prevention and treatment of the disease. Type 2 diabetes has a severe effect on the society from loss of life to cost of care due to changes in functional health which demand interventions to reduce the health risks linked to the disease.

Causes and Symptoms

In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control offered statistical reports about the prevalence of diabetes (Centers for Disease Control, 2014). Around 29 million individuals within the United States have diabetes with 90 percent of these individuals suffering from the disease. The development of Type 2 diabetes comprises of issues of lipid metabolism, sugar levels, inadequate secretion of insulin as well as resistance to the action of insulin (Iqbal, 2007). There is psychologic and epidemiologic evidence that links hyperglycemia and insulin resistance to obesity existence. Therefore, type 2 diabetes emerges when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. Relatively, the human body can resist the effects of insulin which is an essential hormone in regulating the movement of sugar within the cells.

Insulin holds a big part in the cause of Type 2 diabetes. Ideally, the body consists of millions of cells that require food in the simplest form. Therefore, food is broken into a simple sugar known as glucose. The glucose moves through the bloodstream to the cells where it offers energy to the body. When the amount of glucose in the body increases, the pancreas releases insulin to push more glucose to the cells to reduce the glucose level (Iqbal, 2007). Therefore, in case the body is resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin, the level of blood sugars rise leading to type 2 diabetes.

For the previous two decades, there has been an intense upsurge in the Type 2 diabetes diagnosis among adolescents as well as children. The signs and symptoms of diabetes develop slowly. A person can have type 2 diabetes for years without noticing. Some of the signs and symptoms include increased thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, hunger, frequent urination, and weight loss.

Short Term and Long Term Complications

The short period complications of type 2 diabetes include hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis, and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State. Hypoglycemia is termed as the state of having low levels of blood (Schlienger, 2013). Hypoglycemia is defined by having blood glucose below 4.0mmol/l. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include weakness, tiredness, raised pulse rate, and confusion.  Ketoacidosis occurs when the body spends more time while producing too little insulin to refuel energy into the cells. Without energy, the body is forced to breakdown fat to release ketones in the blood which can substitute glucose in providing energy without the need for insulin (Schlienger, 2013). However, due to the demand for more energy, the levels of ketones in the blood increase which is a dangerous condition. Ideally, the liver processes the fat into ketones which makes the blood acidic. Ketoacidosis may lead to dehydration, vomiting, and cause coma. Ketoacidosis can lead to problems such as damage to the kidney, low levels of potassium, and fluid inside the lungs. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) occurs in individuals that have developed high blood glucose levels (Schlienger, 2013). Considerably, the kidney attempts to get rid of extra blood sugar trough putting more sugar into the urine. The symptoms include extreme urination and thirst, confusion, and change of vision. HHS can be extremely dangerous and happens in individuals who do not have control over their Type 2 diabetes.

Untreated Type 2 diabetes can result to long term problems such as kidney disease, vision problems, heart attack, and other macrovascular complications. Uncontrolled blood sugar levels for a long period can result in retinopathy and cataracts in the eyes which can both lead to loss of vision. This is because high sugar levels tend to damage tiny blood vessels which increases the chances of developing serious eye conditions that lead to loss of vision over time.

Poorly managed sugar levels in the blood can lead to kidney disease. Over a long period, high levels of blood sugar can impair the ability of the kidney to filter waste. Therefore, uncontrolled sugar levels can lead to kidneys failing to clean the blood adequately. The longer an individual has type 2 diabetes the higher the risk of nerve damage which is known as diabetic neuropathy (Schlienger, 2013). Neuropathy is a long term complication that is associated with damaged nerves that can affect the feet and hand due to loss of sensitivity. Uncontrolled glucose levels can lead to pathologic changes in various locations that can result in stroke if the cerebral vessels are affected directly.

Risk Factors and Problems Associated with the Disease

It is estimated that the number of individuals with type 2 diabetes will have escalated to 550 million by 2030 (Mayo Clinic, 2015). This type of diabetes has been linked to wearing out of pancreas islets and excessive carbohydrate consumption. Excessive consumption of carbohydrates has led to a heavy demand on the pancreas to produce the required insulin. The incidence of type 2 diabetes differs substantially in geographical regions as a result of behavior and lifestyle risk factors.

Type 2 diabetes has resulted from the interaction between environmental, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to genetics and lifestyle factors. Considerably, several lifestyle factors have been known for the development of this disease. These include a sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity, increased consumption of alcohol, and cigarette smoking. Obesity has been considered to contribute 50 percent of type 2 diabetes cases. For instance, increased in childhood is believed to be the reason why there is an increase in type 2 diabetes among adolescents and children. Physical inactivity is a great risk since the glucose used to generate energy is turned into fat when the body is inactive (Qin, Knol, Corpeleijn, and Stolk, 2010). Increased fat deposits in the body cause an individual to gain more weight. Physical sedentariness surges the risk of Type 2 diabetes which results to more illness and mortality.

Type 2 diabetes can also be genetically inherited. This means that a certain group of genes can lead to type 2 where the disease can be passed on from fathers and mothers to their children. Therefore, an individual with a sibling or family associate who has been identified with Type 2 diabetes is at a greater risk of being affected. Mayo Clinic (2015) reported that the possibility of acquiring type 2 diabetes surges as one gets older particularly between 45-60 years. Probably, the reasons for increased chances of being diabetic are because individuals have a tendency to to exercise less, acquire more weight, and reduce muscle mass as they age.

Prevention and Treatment of the Disease

Several clinical trials have been designed to evaluate the different strategies that prevent Type 2 diabetes or delay its onset. The Diabetes prevention program is among the most extensive and largest ongoing clinical trials. Rigorous lifestyle alteration and pharmacologic intercession with glucose-lowering agents have been utilized as underlying mechanisms of prevention. Exercise counseling, intensive nutrition, metformin therapy has been utilized to reduce the progression of type 2 diabetes. Medication has been proven to be the most effective treatment of Type 2 diabetes. For instance, Metformin is one of the drugs that help manage and prevent Type 2 diabetes. This is an oral diabetic drug that is designed for individuals with normal liver function (Hamid and Rafieian-Kopaei, 2014). Metformin restores the response of the body to insulin.

Additionally, before the development of Type 2 diabetes, most individuals tend to have prediabetes where their sugar level in the blood is higher than normal but not yet adequate to be diagnosed as Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, an individual can delay Type 2 diabetes by losing a certain amount of weight through following the lifestyle modifications, reduced-calorie eating plan as well as being physically active. For instance, choosing food items with fewer calories and eating healthy foods are some of the ways through which an individual can delay or prevent Type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes is a most recognized metabolic illnesses whose prevalence has been on the rise all over the world. Type 2 diabetes results from the human body becoming resistant to insulin or unable to produce insulin.  The factors that may lead to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes include physical inactivity, obesity and weight, prediabetes, and genetic inheritance. The type 2 diabetes trend has led to the disease being established as an epidemic in some countries such as the United States. No cure has yet been acquired for Type 2 diabetes but treatment interventions such as medication, hyperglycemic agents, physical activity, lifestyle modifications have been utilized for onset delay and prevention.

References

Centers for Disease Control. (2014). National diabetes statistics report 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf

Hamid, S., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014, July). Metformin: Current knowledge. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(7), 1-12. ProQuest Database.

Iqbal, N. (2007). The burden of type 2 diabetes: strategies to prevent or delay onset. Vascular health and risk management, 3(4), 511.

Mayo Clinic. (2015). Type 2 diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/basics/risk-factors/con-20031902

Qin, L., Knol, M. J., Corpeleijn, E., & Stolk, R. P. (2010). Does physical activity modify the risk of obesity for type 2 diabetes: a review of epidemiological data. European journal of epidemiology, 25(1), 5-12.

Schlienger, J. L. (2013). Type 2 diabetes complications. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983), 42(5), 839-848.