Criminal Justice

Your original research paper is to be based on one of the following !!!!!
1- What does the term “the crisis of civilization” mean?
2- Why is a free society the best defense against terrorism?
3- Why has Europe not won the war on terrorism?
4- What risks are posed to the United States by international (or transnational) terrorist groups from the Middle East or Africa?
5- What risks are posed to the United States by international (or transnational) terrorist groups from Central and East Asia?
6- Explain how the world is more secure post-9/11 from a threat perspective.

Formatting Requirements:

1- 4 pages of double-spaced content)
double-spaced
2- 12 font (Arial or New Times Roman)
3- Minimum of 8 academic sources cited
4- Contains each of the following:
*cover page
*optional abstract
*essay/discussion
*bibliography/references

Use standardized formats and procedures outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association as a writing style guide.

((((((((((((((( Please cite your work. )))))))))))

ANSWER

The term “the crisis of civilisation” refers to a situation where conditions that initially aided a society progress evolves to become a threat to the same societies values and customs. This situation has happened a lot of times in history and continues to be an issue in the modern society in a lot of ways. A good example is information and communication. The two are principles that have brought about the age of technology, however, today the issues brought about by the same principles include information security and data privacy. The crisis of civilisation attributes to ideas, sometimes globally, that not only work together but also against each other.

When it comes to terrorism, various issues need to be considered while coming up with defence methods. Historically, often terrorism agendas succeed while in other instances it fails. Successful terrorism groups have been such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland, the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) in Algeria (Pierre 2015) and the Irgun and Lehi in Palestine. On the other hand, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka, the Red Army Faction (RAF) in West Germany and the Weather Underground Organisation (WUO) in America are examples of a militant terror group that failed in their agendas. Some terrorist groups are design to fight for freedom and justice against powerful governments and seeks to oust dictators and restore a free society while other terrorist groups are designed to break the metrics of a free society for devious agendas. This research paper will use the examples featured above to expound on the concepts of terrorisms and free societies.

Unsuccessful terror groups have no desire to promote a free society. For instance, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam sought to fight for the rights of Tamil where they intended to form a state from Sri Lanka which would be called Tamil. Tamil would be a breakaway independent and socialist state. After twenty-six years of warfare, the military of Sri Lanka defeated the LTTE in 2009, and their primary objective was still unachieved. The Red Amy Faction as another example sought out to trigger aggressive responses from the government, which the RAF believed would prompt a bigger revolutionary movement. The RAF did not have the support of the public and in that was limited in recruits. Similarly, German police were swift in thwarting off the first generation RAF supporters that it came to a gradual conclusion. Lastly, the Weather Underground Organisation had the motivation to build a revolutionary party that would bring to an end American Imperialism. The organisation went into a fast decline due to lacking in its tactical ability and the reactionary response of the American anti-terrorist departments.

Europe has failed in succeeding against terrorist groups because of lack of support from the individual terrorist countries that these groups exist. The success or failure of a terrorist group is largely dependent on the support it gains within the country and outside the country. Support from international organisations such as United Nations where they support negotiation, diplomacy and sovereignty also contributes to the success against terror groups (Guevara 2002). This support can also be in planning, funding and support (Moghaddam 2005).

Terror groups like al Qaeda from the Middle East or Africa pose direct risks to the United States unlike local jihadi groups like Hamas and Hizballah (Wiegand 2009). Al Qaeda has recently evolved to ISIS, which bears the characteristics of the aforementioned groups. Like Hamas and Hizballah, ISIS seeks to conquer, hold and manage territory and like al Qaeda, ISIS has international ambitions (Charter 1988). Despite similar origins, al Qaeda and ISIS have adapted more distinct paths and goals. Majorly, the difference is in the foundation that while al Qaeda appeared to use terror as an instrument for prompting audience in specific issues and expecting their impact to change things as they are into a situation that could favour them, ISIS is more complex with a fundamental task to develop a political order within the regions of its operation. ISIS has risen in popularity as al Qaeda has diminished since the death of its leader, Osama bin Laden. United States intelligence provides that before Osama’s death, the al Qaeda franchise in Iraq was led by a man called Ayman al-Zawahiri, who recently has admonished the ISIS claiming that it is “extremist and excessive”. With this behaviour alone, differences can be drawn from the two organisation, one being the fact that they are in competition with each other for global popularity. Another key difference is in leadership. Under Osama bin Laden, all these organisations rallied behind his elitist view that was designed to destabilise the Western governments (Wright 2002). Without Osama, each was left to his own agenda, principle and opinion that has made the terror groups, though similar, very different in perspective.

Terrorist from both the Middle East or Africa and those from Central and East Asia pose the same dangers to the United States. The world has become more global with businesses and organisations being more and more international. The success of a terrorist group in these two regions would mean the destabilisation of trade. Terrorist groups disapprove democracy and international integration and cohesion. They promote promotes religious and political violence and regards any other religion and nationalities, such as Islam that is not strict on Sharia as infidels or apostates. This is not only a danger to the United States but also the entire civilised world.

In conclusion, it is appropriate to say that the world is more secure post-9/11 from a threat perspective. This is verified by the fact that today, it is well understood how exactly threats get in the country and how they get funding and where they target (Oswald 2005). It  is more understood the points to pay more attention when dealing with terrorist that before 9/11.

References

Charter, H. (1988). The charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic resistance movement.

Guevara, C. (2002). Guerrilla warfare. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Marighella, C. (1971). Minimanual of the urban guerrilla.

Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American psychologist, 60(2), 161.

Oswald, D. L. (2005). Understanding Anti‐Arab Reactions Post‐9/11: The Role of Threats, Social Categories, and Personal Ideologies 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(9), 1775-1799.

Pierre, M. H. (2015). Gathering Of Human Intelligence In Counter-Insurgency Warfare:: The French Experience During The Battle Of Algiers (January-October 1957). Pickle Partners Publishing.

Wiegand, K. E. (2009). Reformation of a terrorist group: Hezbollah as a Lebanese political party. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(8), 669-680.

Wright, L. (2002). The man behind bin Laden. The New Yorker, 16, 56-85.