Health Care

Hello please answer the following questions using the articles i attached only.
each question 1 page.
1) Socioeconomic status is associated with health via a number of psychosocial, behavioral, and economic processes. Please explain, using two specific examples, of how socioeconomic status may be linked to health.
2)The diminished returns hypothesis is used to explain health disparities among racial/ethnic minorities. Based on this theory’s premise that racial/ethnic minority groups do not benefit equally as do Whites, please provide two specific examples of how racial/ethnic minorities may not come to benefit equally from similar SES, and describe how socioeconomic status may have smaller or no effects on the health of racial/ethnic minorities compared to Whites.

Socioeconomic Status and Perceived Health Disparities

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Question 1

Socioeconomic status, whether education, income, or occupation, is associated with a wide range of health issues. These include cardiovascular disease, low birth weight, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Each component of socioeconomic status has offered different resources and displayed different relationships with varying health outcomes. The relation of health and socioeconomic status exists at various levels, with the connection being stronger for individuals with lower socioeconomic status spectrum. Neighborhood socioeconomic status has been linked to various health indicators and prevalence of chronic conditions (Senn, Walsh and Carey, 2014). Considerably, people with low socioeconomic status are more likely to have high self-reported health problems and chronic conditions as compared to those with high socioeconomic status.

Socioeconomic status impacts the lifestyle and behavioral patterns of an individual. Considerably, the lifestyle of an individual plays a great role in promoting and maintaining a good health base. Lifestyles and behavioral patterns involve health-compromising behaviors and health-promoting behaviors. Relatively, lifestyle patterns are highly linked to socioeconomic status (Leu et al.,2008). The low objective socioeconomic status has been linked to increased rates of health-compromising behaviors. For instance, poor diet, smoking, and lack of physical activities that lead to meager health are some of the health-compromising behaviors which have led to poor health.

Developmental context has influenced socioeconomic status, mental health, and subjective social status in two different ways. For instance, black’s age during immigration can impact the socioeconomic status through impacting the sort of educational experience a person receives. Immigrants that arrive at a younger age may accrue rewards due to peer networks and educational experience, which demonstrates a stable and direct link to positive health (Wang and Geng, 2019). Relatively, subjective social status has significantly influenced the mental and physical health results. For instance, the adult socioeconomic standing is associated with the risk of various physical diseases even for people that are living above the poverty line (Leu et al., 2008).

Question 2

Robust health differences among the ethnic groups and the whites have existed over the years. One of the major reasons is the difference in population exposure to stressors and risk factors. The social forces that have shaped the gaps between the advantaged and disadvantaged groups go beyond the socioeconomic status to the access to resources and exposure of a group more than the other.  Diminished returns hypothesis has shown how the ethnic groups benefit less as compared to the whites (Assari, 2018). For instance, educational attainment among the ethnic groups such as African Americans has influenced the well-being of both the individuals and the families.

A study on diminishing returns hypotheses has focused on the diminishing returns of education and found that the racial health disparities that are self-rated are experienced largely among the college graduates as compared to that completed high school (Assari, 2018). Families that have higher educational attainment are less likely to have any financial distress, poverty, unemployment, illness, poor health, or mortality. As a result, it is clear that higher education of self and parents influenced a wide range of outcomes on the health disparities.

Due to structural barriers that the ethnic groups face in their day-to-day lives, the very same assets and resources cause fewer health gains as related to the whites. Even with equal access to assets and resources, such unequal health gains have continued to generate a health gap between the whites and the ethnic groups (Assari, 2018). For instance, with regards to the black’s diminishing returns, employment and education have weaker impacts on the health effects of blacks as compared to the whites. However, when blacks and whites are employed in the same occupation, they are paid considerably less despite similar credentials.

References

Assari, S. (2018). The unequal gain of equal resources across racial groups. International journal of health policy and management, 7(1), 1.

Leu, J., Yen, I. H., Gansky, S. A., Walton, E., Adler, N. E., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008). The association between subjective social status and mental health among Asian immigrants: Investigating the influence of age at immigration. Social Science & Medicine, 66(5), 1152-1164.

Senn, T. E., Walsh, J. L., & Carey, M. P. (2014). The mediating roles of perceived stress and health behaviors in the relation between objective, subjective, and neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceived health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48(2), 215-224.

Wang, J., & Geng, L. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Status on physical and psychological health: lifestyle as a mediator. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(2), 281.