Hizballah

The topic for this paper is the development of suicide bombing by Hizballah and its more general use by other groups in the Lebanese arena in the 1980s. You should start with the general history of the group in the PowerPoint; then, use Byman’s chapter on Iran and its support for Hizballah to understand the background/context to Hizballah’s use of suicide bombing, then continue to Albert Bandura’s chapter “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement.” From there, look at Martin Kramer’s chapter on Hizballah and Ariel Merari’s chapter on suicide bombing more generally and answer the following: Did suicide bombing begin as a genuine religious imperative that was latent in the Shi’ite understanding of Islam, or was it more the consequence of the manipulation of religious symbols and traditions by organizations such as Iran and Hizballah? To answer this question, it is important to think about the role that religion plays in suicide bombing—does it drive the violence or is it used to justify the violence after the fact? In either case, why do organizations use suicide bombers? Do the bombers seem to be driven by primary, ideological motivations or more by secondary motivations? (Here you should also think back to Jessica Stern’s brief coverage of Palestinian suicide bombing in Chapter 2 of her book; note her reference to Merari, p. 51—since writing the chapter in the Reich book, Merari has come to emphasize organizations more so than individual psychology, so please consider this when using his work). Bandura argues that much of terrorist violence comes from the mental restructuring of killing to make it more acceptable to the individual doing the killing by freeing them of their own moral restraints (164). Do you see evidence that religious imagery and symbolism is being used for these purposes? How are prospective bombers radicalized? Do you see similarities between Hizballah suicide bombing and that of the LTTE, covered earlier in the term?

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Hizballah

There have been at war with Hizballah since 1982. Hizballah is an Islamic splinter group that broke from the Shiite militia. They will begin with Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Layla in 1989 the Taif Accord allowed Hizballah’s to continue keeping weapons. They used the weapons against the Israelis who tried to occupy in the south East of Lebanon. The Israeli later withdrew from Lebanon in the year 2000. The Lebanese civil war lasted ten years. Israeli soldiers later suspected that the Hizballah’s would try to kidnap their soldiers in 2006 based on a previous attempt in November 2005 by the same group.

Suicide Bombing

Iran and Hizballah manipulated religious symbols and traditions. The manipulation of these religious symbols and traditions by these organizations is one of the causes of the suicidal bombing. It was earlier thought that suicide bombing could have begun from how the Shiite understood Islam. These organizations also used religion to justify the violence and their position in the war.

The Role Of Religion In Suicidal Bombing

Most people join these terrorist groups because of the propaganda that is drawn from the values and morals of individual citizens within a society. Religions play a more significant role in preaching the moral logic of martyrdom and convincing the population through the justification of the action to gain more supporters. Religion, therefore, is a platform that helps in the influence and change of the general population’s perception. This is essential not only in the initial perpetration of an attack but also to the success of a suicide attack.

The Bombers Perception

Most suicidal numbers are driven by their primary ideological motivations rather than the secondary motivations. Most of these individuals have undergone mannitol restructuring, and they perceive killing as usual. Most of the militia organizations use religion as a tool to free them from their moral restraint.

Religious Symbolism In Terrorism

Religious symbolism such as the act of blood sacrifice can be linked to an act of violence and terrorism. Groups with religious and political motivations have perpetrated self-sacrifice, martyrdom, and suicide terrorism. Most of these militias use this symbolism to justify their actions.

How Prospective Bombers Are Radicalized

The process by which an individual adopts increasingly radical views to oppose the status quo is referred to as radicalization. Different organizations have a variety of ways through which the radicalized their prospective bombers. Most individuals are radicalized through different types of brainwashing. The terrorist groups have different belief systems and narratives that they instil into recruits as they join the organizations.

Similarities Between Hizballah Suicide Bombing

Most terror groups use a suicidal person to achieve their objectives. Suicidal terrorism is categorized into traditional and modern forms. Modern forms of suicidal terrorism began in the 1980s with the attack of the Iraqi embassy in Beirut. The Hizballah attack on the American marine barracks in Lebanon is another example of a modern terror attack. Traditional terrorism such as The Greek sailors setting ships on fire and staring them into enemy forces started in as early as 400 BC. As much as suicidal bombing is considered a modern act of terrorism, the suicidal act by Hizballah can be considered as traditional forms of terrorism.

Hizballah

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