Nursing
question 1
Describe some of the more common pathophysiological changes and abnormal findings associated with musculoskeletal, metabolic, and multisystem health dysfunctions. Explain what symptoms are associated with the findings and how these affect patient function.
question 2
Explain the risk factors for osteoporosis. What can a nurse do to help manage this health condition to restore the patient to optimal health?
NO reference greater than 5 years old please
ANSWER
Health Dysfunctions
Question 1
Pathophysiological Changes and Abnormal Findings Associated with musculoskeletal, metabolic, and multisystem health dysfunctions.
The musculoskeletal health dysfunctions are considered as disorders or injuries of the nerves, muscles, cartilage, joints and spinal discs. The musculoskeletal system entails voluntary muscles such as the ligaments, joints, fascia, bones and cartilage. Abnormal findings and pathophysiological changes may occur due to disease, injury, inflammatory and non-inflammatory changes, as well as tumours (Puntillo et al., 2021). For instance, inflammatory changes may cause warmth, impaired function, swelling, pain, redness and tenderness on the overlying skin. When inflammation impacts a joint, the fluid tends to amass inside the joint causing pain, swelling and reduced motion ability.
The symptoms and signs for pathophysiological changes include paralysis, pain, stiffness, tumours, edema and warmth. These conditions can also lead to mobility changes where the patient mobility function reduces. Ideally, the musculoskeletal system offers movement, stability and form, which are affected by the health dysfunctions. For instance, a person with musculoskeletal disorders may feel tired after walking for a short distance.
Question 2
The Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body is losing too much bone or makes very little bones. Therefore, the body becomes weak and might break from a serious injury or minor bumps. Osteoporosis is a disease that tends to cause bone density loss which increases the risk of fractures since it impacts the strength and structure of the bones (Sözen, Özışık and Başaran, 2017). Some of the non-formidable risk factors entail age, reduced sex hormones, fracture history and genetic factors. The risks have increased with the increase in age, which means the older one gets, the greater the risks. Low estrogen levels make it challenging for the bones to regenerate. Having a family member with a diagnosis of osteoporosis or hip fracture increases the risk of osteoporosis. Fracture history increases the risk of osteoporosis.
Nurses manage established osteoporosis through vitamins, exercise, medications and mineral supplements. The non-pharmacologic approaches include muscle-strengthening exercise and regular weight-bearing (Sözen, Özışık and Başaran, 2017). Nurses have also focused on patient teaching on management and prevention of osteoporosis. For instance, weight-bearing exercises have been among the leading approaches to encourage bone growth, thus help prevent osteoporosis.
References
Sözen, T., Özışık, L., & Başaran, N. Ç. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European journal of rheumatology, 4(1), 46.
Puntillo, F., Giglio, M., Paladini, A., Perchiazzi, G., Viswanath, O., Units, I., … & Brienza, N. (2021). Pathophysiology of musculoskeletal pain: a narrative review. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 13, 1759720X21995067.
