Nursing

n your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

The factors that affect fertility to include STDs

Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/Prostatitis

Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.

Explain the different types of prostatitis

Explain the pathophysiological process of the condition.

NEEDS INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

ANSWER

Low back pain is a common problem that medical practitioners hear with adult patients. Because of the many times’ physicians encounter it and the fact that it is associated with several potential problems, it is possible to miss some conditions like prostatitis in men. Prostatitis comprises a swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland. The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in men. Its purpose is to produce semen vital for the transportation of sperm during reproduction.

Fertility is greatly affected by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) documents that STDs cause infertility in women through the infection of the fallopian tube, uterus and surrounding tissues. The Centre also notes that the condition, particularly from chlamydia and gonorrhoea has no symptoms meaning women could get infected to the level of infertility without their knowledge. In males, conditions like Chlamydia and gonorrhoea, if untreated could spread to the urethra from the testicles to cause sterility. However, it is not very common in males.

Inflammatory markers rise in STD and Prostatitis for several reasons. One is that the gland had an etiology of inflammation (Ho, D. R. 2017). Recent research indicates that the gland goes through a series of reactions as a means to defend itself from several danger signals (Ho, D. R. 2017). The reactions could then interact with other different forms of the prostrate pathology to cause a high marker of inflammation. Secondly, the marker could also be because of the was stimuli in urine containing microbes and urinary tract stones that bring about mechanical obstruction (Ho, D. R. 2017).

Some reasons can be attributed to the condition of prostatitis but infections are most common and are treated with antibiotics. The problem could come suddenly or gradually and could heal fast or gradually and with treatment. Some types of prostatitis last for months others keep on recurring and are referred to chronic prostatitis (Meares 1991). If caused by an infection, it begins when bacteria from the urinary tract leak into the prostate. Similarly, nerve damage in the urinary tract prompted by trauma to the pelvic region or prior surgery could contribute to prostatitis but not one caused by infection. Most medical practitioners who treat the condition never identify the cause (Meares 1991).

Menkveld (2003) records four types of prostatitis. Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS), Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, Acute (Sudden) Bacterial Prostatitis and Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis (Menkveld 2003). CP/CPPS is most common and is not caused by an infection. Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis is not very common but keeps on recurring and is caused by bacteria. Acute Bacterial Prostatitis is also bacterial and not very common and displays sudden and intense symptoms of inflammation. Lastly, Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis has no physical symptoms and could only be identified during other unrelated medical exams.

The actual pathogenesis is yet to be understood fully. Possible pathogenesis, however, could be an infection that emanates from the urethra and chemical damage of urine and ejaculatory ducts or virulence factors present in the pathogen strain causing prostatitis (Turek 1998). Gross pathology of the condition reveals that inflammation occurs in the peripheral zone and focal atrophy.

To conclude, it is clear that more research is needed for prostatitis considering most researchers admit to inconclusive results or limited findings. The research should be mostly on the pathogenesis of the condition.

References

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Infertility. Retrieved on 6^th August 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/std/infertility/default.htm

Ho, D. R. (2017). Prostate inflammation: A brief review. Urological Science, 28(3), 113-118.

Meares Jr, E. M. (1991). Prostatitis. The Medical clinics of North America, 75(2), 405.

Menkveld, R., Huwe, P., Ludwig, M., & Weidner, W. (2003). Morphological sperm alternations in different types of prostatitis. Andrologia, 35(5), 288-293.

Turek, P. J. (1998). Seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct surgery. SD Graham, Jr. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, sect, 7, 477-486.