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Thank you for receiving my order, for this particular assignment please write an analysis of the ethical concerns in the 3 diverse psychological research studies shown at the bottom of the document in the ”order instructions” tab, I break down the grading rubric to make it easier, make sure to review it for better understanding.

ANSWER

Ethical considerations in Research

Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the ‘nature’ of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo’s studies really show. Plos Biology, 10(11), doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001426

Haslam and Riecher (2012) conducted experimental sessions without informed consent of the participants.  The Stanford Prison Experiment without the consent of the prisoners. Conducting an experiment without informed consent is a serious matter that should not be taken lightly. There are ethical considerations that must be taken into account when conducting research on human subjects. Informed consent must be obtained from all individuals who will be participating in the study. This means that the participants must be made aware of the nature of the study and of their rights as participants. Furthermore, they must be given the opportunity to ask questions and to decline to participate if they so choose. Failure to obtain informed consent from participants can result in serious consequences, including legal action against the researcher. Therefore, it is important to make sure that all participants understand the nature of the study and their rights before proceeding with any research involving human subjects.

Larsen, K. S. (1974). Conformity in the Asch experiment. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 94(2), 303-304. doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923224

Laren (1974) conducted a conformity experiment which investigated the extent to which social pressure from majority group could lead a person to fit in. The research led to ethical considerations which resulted from social pressure to confirm thus potential for harm. The conformity experiment was designed to study conformity, and as such it did not involve any direct harm to the participants. However, the participants may have experienced psychological distress as a result of the experiment. In particular, those who went against the majority opinion may have felt anxiety or social isolation as a result of their non-conformity. The potential for harm in this experiment is therefore relatively high. All participants in the conformity experiment were not given information about the nature of the study before taking part. They were not told that the objective of the study to was to examine conformity, and as such they were not able to give their full informed consent. This lack of informed consent is a serious ethical issue. The conformity experiment also involved deception, in that the participants were not told the true nature of the experiment. The use of deception in research is generally considered to be unethical.

Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., & … Shoda, Y. (2011). ‘Willpower’ over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 252-256. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081

Mischel et al., (2011) conducted marshmallow test to measure preschoolers’ ability to delay gratification is criticized on ethical grounds, as it can be seen as emotionally cruel to withhold a child’s treat. The study focused on identifying and demystifying the process that underlie self-regulation in the face of temptation among preschoolers. Lack of informed consent and deception are also ethical issues in this study. The participants were not made aware of the nature of the research and what it involves, and were not give their consent to take part. It is important to consider the ethics of research before conducting a study. Deception, informed consent, and emotional cruelty are all potential ethical issues that should be considered.

When conducting research, it is vital to be aware of ethical considerations to protect the welfare and rights of participants. Some ethical considerations to take into account include informed consent, potential harm, and deception. Informed consent means that participants must be given information about the research study before they decide whether or not to participate. This information should include the purpose of the research, the procedures that will be used, and any risks or benefits associated with participation.  Potential for harm refers to the possibility that participants may be harmed, physically or emotionally, as a result of their involvement in the research. Deception occurs when participants are not given all of the information about the study up front, or when they are given information that is not accurate. It is important to reflect on these ethical considerations when designing research studies to prevent violation of rights and welfare of participants.

References

Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the ‘nature’ of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo’s studies really show. Plos Biology, 10(11), doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001426

Larsen, K. S. (1974). Conformity in the Asch experiment. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 94(2), 303-304. doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923224.

Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., & … Shoda, Y. (2011). ‘Willpower’ over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation. Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 252-256. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081