Psychology

Review of Experimental Research – In conjunction with the Information Literacy lecture, you will find a peer-reviewed journal article on negative body talk (aka ‘fat talk’) and ethnicity. You will write a 2 to 3-page paper explaining the methodology that was used in the article. THIS IS NOT A PAPER ABOUT FAT TALK. THIS IS A PAPER DEMONSTRATING THAT YOU UNDERSTAND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH as a way to engage the SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
You will introduce the scientific method and experimental research, noting that it is the only type of research method that allows scientists to make causal statements (i.e., this caused that). Make clear that the fat talk article will serve as an example of the elements of an experiment. At a minimum, you must briefly explain the following concepts (citing King) and providing examples from the fat talk article (citing the authors):

hypothesis (the fat talk article has 3 hypotheses – pick ONE to discuss)
independent variable – IV
dependent variable – DV (for the hypothesis you chose)
operational definition of the IV and DV (the DV you picked – not all three)
experimental group
control group (and why it’s necessary)
random assignment (and why it’s necessary)
ethical considerations in research (this is the only element that does not require examples from the fat talk article).
publication in a peer-reviewed journal

Explain each of these concepts using your own words and citing King. And, explain how these concepts were implemented in the fat talk study, citing the fat talk authors. Do not use any direct quotes. Include correct APA citations of the article and the book (King) in text and on a references page (use the APA template provided).

Save/name your paper with your first and last name and uploaded as Word .doc or .docx Bb.
In the second and third drafts, you are expected to integrate the feedback that I provided (your paper will be graded and a copy with track changes will be uploaded – if you don’t know what this means, ask in class/discussion board and watch the posted YouTube video). You should upload a clean copy (I should not see track changes). Simply making the edits that I suggest will not result in a substantial improvement in your grade.
If you miss the due date for a draft, you will have forfeited that draft opportunity.
Only your highest grade will be calculated into your final grade.

Here is the King citation (you should have the APA citation for the fat talk article from the library search and discussion)-
King, L. (2019). Experience psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Save/name your paper with your first and last name and uploaded as .doc or .docx
Use APA style rules (there is a template available – use it)
Cover page, References page, do not include an abstract
Double spaced (NO extra spaces between paragraphs)
Do not use any direct quotes
Use only the textbook and the fat talk article as resources
One-inch margins and an Arial or Calibri font of 11. You may not use any direct quotes. Here is an example of what I should NOT see in your paper. A hypothesis is a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory These are King’s exact words. They are not a summarization of her ideas. Writing must be original.

Literacy counts. You will be submitting three drafts of your paper. The objective is to help you develop as a writer and thinker as well as to help you better understand the science of psychology. Your paper must be written at the college level. I urge you to review the directions thoroughly. You must take advantage of the re-write opportunity in order to improve your learning and your grade. I will provide you with feedback and edits on your paper. The re-write process requires much more than making the edits I suggest. They are merely the starting point.

If you do not upload your draft by the due date you are forfeiting your opportunity to have the draft graded and edited.

NOTICE: ANTI-PLAGIARISM DETECTION SOFTWARE
SafeAssign, TurnItIn or other anti-plagiarism detection software products may be used in this course. Anti-plagiarism detection software products assist faculty and students in preventing and detecting plagiarism. Professors may utilize such software in order to check the originality of the academic work students submit in a course by comparing submitted papers to those contained in its database consisting of submitted papers and other sources. Anti-plagiarism detection software returns an “originality report” for each submission. The report is limited in scope to merely identifying passages that are not original to the author of the submitted work and which may include correctly cited quotations and information. Professors and students must carefully review such reports. No adverse action may be taken by a professor with respect to a student solely on the basis of an originality report which indicates the potential for plagiarism. In this course, you may be asked to submit your academic papers and other creative work containing personally identifiable information for originality reporting. By doing so, your work along with personally identifiable information will be retained in the product database and may be subsequently reported out containing your personally identifiable information not only to your professor but also to professors of the other twelve Connecticut Community Colleges as part of subsequent originality reports. You may decline to submit your work for originality reporting. If so, you must be provided an alternative method in which to submit your work. However, your professor, after removing your personally identifying information, may nonetheless submit limited portions of your academic work for originality reporting.

ANSWER

Introduction

The scientific method is an empirical method used to gain knowledge by making an observation that defines the problem, creates and tests the hypothesis, and draws a conclusion that refines the hypothesis. There are many ways of conducting a scientific method study, but scientists rely on the experimental research method. Experimental research entails a scientific research design that includes hypotheses, variables both independent and dependent variables that can be used by the researcher, calculated, measured, and compared (Christensen et al., 2011). Experimental research focuses on a scientific design using two variable sets. This paper will focus on the experimental research of the study and its significance as a scientific method.

Hypothesis

The first step in experimental research is to create a hypothesis (King, 2013). The hypothesis is a statement of prediction or expectation tested by research (Christensen et al., 2011). In the fat talk study, the researchers developed three hypotheses. One of the hypotheses is that the body talks that men got from associates can be connected with the body talk that men involved in verbally. The study used Male Body Talk Scale (MBTS) to measure the muscle and fat talk men involved in and heard (Lin, Flynn, and Roberge, 2019). This was used to measure how frequently men have specific body talk statements.

Independent Variable

Independent variable is the cause and predetermined factors that one manipulates or controls in a designed observational or experimental study (Christensen et al., 2011). In an experimental study, the researcher looks for possible influences on the dependent variable, which might be impacted by changing the independent variable. In the fat talk research, the independent variable was men in the experimental group used to measure how frequently men make specific body talk statements (Lin, Flynn, and Roberge, 2019). The experimental group was asked to rate how they frequently heard their friends talk about fat and muscles to measure the body talk.

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is the variable being measured and tested in an experiment (King, 2013). The dependent variable is the effect and depends on the factors that have been measured. These variables are anticipated to change due to experimental manipulation. The body talk that males had overheard from their associates and engaged in is the dependent variable being measured. The hypothesis measured the fat and muscle talk heard and engaged in and its relationship to men’s body image outcomes.

Experimental Group and Control Group

The experimental group entails group of participants that receive treatment in an experiment (King, 2013). In fat talk research, the group that received the experimental procedure were recruited adult men from the United States. A control group is a group that is separated from the rest of the study. When conducting the study, the group does not receive experimental treatment. The control group was friends and women conversations about body talk.

Random Assignment

The random assignment entails utilizing chance procedures in experiments to guarantee that every participant has the same opportunity in any given group. The study participants are assigned randomly to different groups, such as the experimental group. For instance, the fat talk research participants were randomly chosen and were not aware of the study of fat talk to prevent them from changing their responses.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are moral principles that guide researchers to carry out and report the research (King, 2013). Confidentiality was a very important ethic since the researchers had to keep the data confidential to guarantee trust. The fat talk research was voluntary participation, where respondents were allowed to participate in the study free from coercion. The participants freely participated in the research and were allowed to withdraw at any time without any negative impacts.

References

Christensen, L. B., Johnson, B., Turner, L. A., & Christensen, L. B. (2011). Research methods, design, and analysis.

King, L. A. (2013). Experience psychology (p. 592). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Lin, L., Flynn, M., & Roberge, A. (2019). Hearing vs. engaging in negative body talk: an examination of adult men. Eating disorders, 27(6), 538-549.