Technology

Research on this current trend “5G NETWORK” . ( Minimum of 350 words per question). Answers these followings questions in a word document:

1. Detailed description of the area researched
2. Technology involved in the area
3. Future trends in the area
4. Example companies involved in the area
5. Regulatory issues surrounding the area
6. Global implications for the area
7. References Include (minimum of 10) APA formats.

Please, write in your own words. Because the research paper will be submitted to Turnitin.com to check for plagiarism.

Please, include at least 10 references in the APA format that you have used for your research in the word document. Please, this research paper should be Plagiarism Free.

ANSWER

5G Network

5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It is the new wireless global standards after the previous 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. 5G enables virtual connection of everything, including machines. The network delivers high data speeds and ultra-low latency (Pisarov & Mester, 2020). It is more reliable as it has massive network capacity and thus increased availability. The network generally improves the user experience and enables the connection of new industries. The world is advancing technologically at a high speed. To understand 5G, it is vital to understand the previous generation of mobile technology and its usefulness. 1G was all about voice connectivity. The connection in 1G involved using the phone away from home, and thus it spearheaded the introduction of mobile phones.

The next generation network was the second generation network which introduced the short-messaging layer, which is still seen in today’s features. The third-generation network launched into smartphones as it introduced network speeds. The 4G had high data transfer rates and thus enabled video viewing with minimum buffering and the rise of connected devices that are used today.5G is an extension of 4G. Therefore, it is a development to better communication. The development of 5G guarantees better speeds than those provided by 4G, with no buffering in terms of watching videos or using video calls (Narayanan et al., 2021). This means that people can virtually communicate worldwide without experiencing previous problems such as frozen screens. 5G network is a development of the communications sector. The development of 5G will improve communication and contribute to economic growth and the development of employment opportunities.

Technology Involved in 5G Network

The global system for mobile communications states that 5G networks are cellular networks in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas known as cells. The wireless 5G devices are connected to the internet and phone network by radio waves through the antenna. The non-standalone infrastructure partially relies on the existing 4G LTE. It also uses new technology like the 5G new radio. The 5G hardware is a combination of radio access networks. Radio access networks connect backbone and edge networks.

The enabling technologies behind 5G include the NFV. NFV decouples software from hardware. The network operators use NFV to deploy various network functions such as firewalls and virtual machines. When a user asks for a new network function, the virtual machines deployed by the network operator deploy the function automatically. NFV is also involved in network slicing. Network slicing is vital in a 5G network as it will support a multitude of use cases and new services.

The SDN is another technology involved in the 5G network. Software-defined networking allows dynamic reconfiguration of the network. The SDN separates the control and the data plane. The traditional network limits are already under pressure due to social media, mobile devices and cloud computing, however, SDN can change the data centres and reduce the pressure.

The other technology that is involved in bringing forth the fifth generation network is ten dew radio frequencies. The difference between 4G and 5G falls in the use of unique radio frequencies. 5G uses very high frequencies above 30 GHz, while 4G uses frequencies below 6GHz. Using high frequencies has advantages such as the huge capacity for fast data and less interference by nearby users. To support 5G, many antennas have been installed.

Future Trends

The network systems have been improving over time. This means that after the 5G rollout, there is a possibility of developing a higher speed network than the one provided by 5G. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.1 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025. The technological advancements that have been witnessed over the years give one the hope that after the 5G rollout, there will be the development of advanced network generations with higher speeds than that of the 5G (Li et al., 2018). There are, however, hindrances to the development of future trends such as issues with radiation, privacy and the environmental effects of the technologies applied to such projects.

The Companies Involved

4G first appeared in the US in December 2010, and it was introduced by Verizon Communications. The commercial network was rolled out to customers in several cities. The companies involved in the 5G rollout include Ericcson (ERIC), a Swedish telecommunication equipment bans services company with 25 billion dollars market capitalization (Oughton & Frias, 2018). The company was at the forefront of the hardware development of 5G. The company was involved in field trials, hardware development and research programs with mobile operators worldwide. The mobile operator companies involved included Verizon, AT & T, china mobile and South Korea’s telecom company (SKM) (Barthlomew, 2020). Another company involved with 5G is Nokia Corporation. Nokia is a Finnish telecommunication company. A company like ERIC entered through the advanced testing phases.

Samsung was also involved in the key global 5G research initiatives. The company was involved in programs such as members of the steering board of European projects. Samsung was the leader of various collaborations with industrial partners and academics worldwide. The company played an important role as the full member of the 5G PPP infrastructure association, the executive member of the 5G forum in Korea and the chair of the vision sub working group for the future of 5G.

Media Tek is another company that is actively involved in the research involved in establishing 5G networks (Ghosh et al., 2019). It was involved in the research and development for 6 years. In addition to conducting their research in the headquarters, they also developed a research and development centre in Finland. The development centre is involved in the 5G research and other network and wireless technologies.

Regulatory Issues

The development of technology is often faced with issues of privacy. Over the years, there have been lawsuits on the disclosure of private information and how mobile networks expose people to information being stolen. It is no secret that technology has led to a lack of privacy over the years. This, therefore, explains the fact that the first regulatory issue faced by the 5G network was the potential for reduced privacy (Frias & Martínez, 2018). The technology that is already in place enables location tracking. Location tracking on most occasions exposes a lot of the person being tracked, such as their position. The network exposes people to the danger of being easily tracked as the cell towers will be closer together. The more people get concerned with how the network exposes them and their privacy, the more issues are likely to face 5G, especially on matters involving privacy.

Some other regulatory issues faced by 5G included the tight regulations on radiation. These regulations led to the 5G trials being halted in some European countries (Lemstra, 2018). There is the fear that the 5G network is bad for the environment as there is no measurement of the radiation that is emitted from individual antennas (Taheribakhsh et al., 2020). Technological advancements have their advantages, but it is in vain if the environment suffers in the process. The issues of radiation were experienced in Switzerland, where the members of parliament refused to relax the radiation limits permit.

Global Implications

The 5G network has both negative and positive impacts. It also impacts a wide range of areas ranging from the environment to the health and employment opportunities it creates. In the healthcare sector, the fifth generation network will impact positively. Hospitals are rolling out new technological programs such as telemedicine and telehealth to help treat patients in remote areas using electronic gadgets (Di Ciaula, 2018). 5G will enable hospitals to diagnose patients remotely and also to perform surgeries remotely using digital avatars that come with the technology. The negative impact of the 5G network is the production of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones. Exposure to radiation might lead to long term exposure to certain types of cancers.

The technology will also lead to increased speeds. The increased speeds will be useful in the growth of economies, especially in the manufacturing industries. It is also good as people can connect from all over the world, and therefore, the international markets will be connected using the network. The negative impact of the high speeds provided by the network is the rising concern for privacy. The 4G network has already had issues concerning privacy. Most people are concerned that the network will make it easier to be tracked or to be hacked. Technology has its advantages and disadvantages, and therefore the 5G network is no exception. There are many concerns surrounding the adaptation of the network, most of them being the impact it has on the environment, health and the risk it poses on the privacy of the people.

References

Bartholomew, C. (2020). China and 5G. Issues in Science and Technology, 36(2), 50-57.

Di Ciaula, A. (2018). Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications?. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 221(3), 367-375.

Frias, Z., & Martínez, J. P. (2018). 5G networks: Will technology and policy collide?. Telecommunications policy, 42(8), 612-621.

Ghosh, A., Maeder, A., Baker, M., & Chandramouli, D. (2019). 5G evolution: A view on 5G cellular technology beyond 3GPP release 15. IEEE access, 7, 127639-127651.

Lemstra, W. (2018). Leadership with 5G in Europe: Two contrasting images of the future, with policy and regulatory implications. Telecommunications Policy, 42(8), 587-611.

Li, B., Fei, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). UAV communications for 5G and beyond: Recent advances and future trends. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(2), 2241-2263.

Narayanan, A., Zhang, X., Zhu, R., Hassan, A., Jin, S., Zhu, X., … & Zhang, Z. L. (2021, August). A variegated look at 5G in the wild: performance, power, and QoE implications. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference (pp. 610-625).

Oughton, E. J., & Frias, Z. (2018). The cost, coverage and rollout implications of 5G infrastructure in Britain. Telecommunications Policy, 42(8), 636-652.

Pisarov, J., & Mester, G. (2020). The Impact of 5G Technology on Life in 21st Century. IPSI BgD Transactions on Advanced Research (TAR), 16(2), 11-14.

Taheribakhsh, M., Jafari, A., Peiro, M. M., & Kazemifard, N. (2020, January). 5g implementation: Major issues and challenges. In 2020 25th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran (CSICC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.